DNA sequences (i.e., DNA barcodes) have been incorporated into black fly taxonomy. For example, Rivera and Currie (2009) used DNA barcoding to differentiate North American black fly morphospecies. Pramual et al. (2011b) reported DNA barcoding in the Oriental black fly subgenus Gomphostilbia. Although DNA barcodes have successfully delineated morphological species (Day et al. 2008; Rivera and Currie 2009), the success rate was low for species complexes (Pramual et al. 2011a). Therefore, integrated approaches (e.g., Ilmonen et al. 2009) are needed for fully understanding black fly biodiversity (Adler and Huang 2011)