With the 2001 EU Action Plan and the 2005 EU Counterterrorism
Strategy, the European Union has unfolded a roadmap for counter-terrorism measures
and an itinerary of actions to be undertaken by the Member States. In some respects,
the EU strategies, flanked by the Action Plans in the Area of Freedom, Security and
Justice, as well as more concrete forms of cooperation such as the adoption of the
EU Arrest Warrant, the Member States have been encouraged to use the same
conceptual apparatus, to adopt the precautionary logic (pre-terrorism), and to adopt
similar organizational models (multi-disciplinary cooperation) and tools (surveillance,
public-private cooperation, etc.).