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5-2 Audit Risk The possibility that the auditors may unknowingly fail to appropriately modify their opinion on financial statements that are materially misstated This is the risk that the auditors will issue an unqualified opinion on financial statements that contain a material departure from GAAP. Auditors must obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to reduce audit risk to a low level in every audit.
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5-3 Financial Statement Assertions Relevant assertions are those that, without regard for controls, have a reasonable possibility of containing a material misstatement; types Assertions about account balances (Accounts) Assertions about classes of transactions and events (Transactions) Assertions about presentation and disclosure (Disclosures)
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5-4 Financial Statement Assertions: Auditing Standards Board and International Standards AccountsTransactionsDisclosures ExistenceOccurrence Rights and obligations Completeness Valuation and allocation AccuracyAccuracy and valuation Cutoff ClassificationClassification and understandability
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5-5 Combined Assertions Used in this Text Combined Assertions Used in this Text Existence or Occurrence--Assets, liabilities, and equity interests exist and recorded transactions have occurred Rights and Obligations--The company holds rights to the assets, and liability are the obligations of the company Completeness--All assets, liabilities, equity interests, and transactions that should have been recorded have been recorded CutoffTransactions and events have been recorded in the correct accounting period Valuation, Allocation and AccuracyAll transactions, assets, liabilities and equity interests are included in the financial statements at proper amounts Presentation and Disclosure--Accounts are described and classified in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and financial statement disclosures are complete, appropriate, and clearly expressed
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5-6 Audit Risk Risk of Material Risk That the Audit Risk = Misstatement * Auditors Fail to the Misstatement = Inherent Control Detection Risk * Risk * Risk Inherent Risk--Risk of a material misstatement occurring in an assertion assuming no related internal controls. Control Risk--Risk that a material misstatement in an assertion will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by the companys internal control. Detection Risk--Risk that the auditors procedures will lead them to conclude that a material misstatement does not exist in an assertion when in fact such misstatement does exist.
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5-7 Audit Risk Formula AR = IR * CR * DR AR = Audit risk IR = Inherent risk CR = Control risk DR = Detection risk
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5-8 Audit Risk Figure 5. 2
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5-9 Inherent Risk Factors that affect inherent risk: Nature of the client and its environment Nature of the particular financial statement element Business characteristics indicative of high inherent risk: Inconsistent profitability of client Operating results highly sensitive to economic factors Going concern problems Large known and likely misstatements detected in prior audits Substantial turnover, questionable reputation, or inadequate accounting skills of management
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5-10 Assertions with high inherent risk Involve: Difficult to audit transactions or balances Complex calculations Difficult accounting issues Significant judgment by management Valuations that vary significantly based on economic factors
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5-11 Types of Transactions Routine Recurring financial statement activities recorded in the accounting records in the normal course of business Lower inherent risk Nonroutine Involve activities that occur only periodically such as the taking of physical inventories High inherent risk Estimation transactions Activities that create accounting estimates Higher inherent risk
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5-12 Appropriateness of Audit Evidence0 Auditor must obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. To be appropriate audit evidence must be: Relevant Reliable PrinciplesAudit evidence is ordinarily more reliable when it is Obtained from knowledgeable independent sources outside the company rather than nonindependent sources Generated internally through a system of effective controls rather than ineffective controls. Obtained directly by the auditor rather than indirectly or by inference Documentary in form rather than oral Provided by original documents rather than copies
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5-13 Reliability of Certain Types of Audit Evidence RELIABILITYTYPEEXAMPLE HighPhysicalInventory Observation Documentary ExternalCutoff Bank Statement External/InternalPurchase Invoice InternalSales Invoice LowClient RepresentationsManagement Representation Letter
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5-14 Types of Audit Evidence 1. Accounting information system 2. Documentary evidence 3. Third-party representations 4. Physical evidence 5. Computations 6. Data interrelationships 7. Client representations
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5-15 Common Audit Procedures
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5-16 Overall Types of Audit Procedures Risk assessment procedures To obtain an understanding of the client and its environment, including its internal control, to assess the risks of material misstatement Further Audit Procedures Tests of controls When appropriate, to test the operating effectiveness of controls in preventing material misstatements Substantive procedures To detect material misstatements at relevant assertion level. Substantive procedures include (a) analytical procedures, (b) tests of details of account balances, transactions and disclosures