O‟Malley and Chamot (1994) propose an educational model, the CALLA model, which incorporates modern pedagogical principles, academic content- and task-based language learning combined with explicit learning strategies instruction. The authors distinguish between 5 phases of strategy use in a model lesson: preparation, presentation, practice, evaluation, and expansion. Robbins (2000) suggests the following stages of a strategic listening comprehension
task:
Before listening - setting a goal, planning, activating background knowledge, predicting.
While listening - selective attention, inferring, imagery. After listening - clarifying, summarization, elaboration,personalization, checking the goal, evaluation.
Teachers can sensitize their audience by making their learners aware of useful listening strategies. Thus, listening becomes an active skill developed through awareness of and repeated application of listening strategies Thus we see that there are lots of theoretical models developed, the goal of which is to enhance listening skills. Still, the overall achievement depends very much on the successful process of learning where learners and teachers find the best practices in order to achieve these goals.