Special categories of LED drivers include dedicated LED flash circuits
mainly used to drive the LED flashes used in camera phones
that could be used as well as in scientific applications such as in
the flash electroretinogram (Viswanathan et al., 2011), requiring
pulsed lights with a lower frequency compared to PWM pulsing.
Additionally, Nishigaki et al. (2006) used a custom-built LED driver
circuit providing stroboscopic illumination in fluorescent cell imaging
in which the reduced light exposure was shown to reduce the
phototoxicity of the illuminating light to the imagined cell. Dedicated
LED flash circuit manufacturers include among others Analog
(e.g. ADP 1650), Maxim (e.g. MAX1583), National Semiconductor
(e.g. LM2754), and Texas Instruments (e.g. TPS61310).