The numerical results show impact of invading in terms of PER for both directions. One using a larger bandwidth tends to be an invader when separated by a shorter distance while the one using a smaller bandwidth over a longer distance. The PER can be incorporated into the outcome of each event in the Markovian analysis presented in the
appendix, available in the online supplemental material. And from now on, as a performance metric, we use the PER instead of ‘collision probability’.