In both cases, production costs are greatly influenced by the
price of the culture media, mainly protein sources. Use of broths
with commercial peptones is not economical due to their higher
charges. However, these costs could be reduced if residual materials
were used as nutrients in the media formulations and a
friendly environmental approach would also be reached. Though
there are a lot of reports for the LA production by lactic acid bacteria
using residual sources of carbohydrates [9–14], HA formation
in waste materials with high protein concentration remain unstudied.
Marine peptones from fish by-products could be a plausible
alternative because they have yielded excellent results in different
biotechnological productions [15–22].