We also found that existing models do not adequately capture mobile phone adoption by the elderly in the South African context. These users do not necessarily accept or reject their phones as the models suggest they would. Further research needs to be done to refine STAM so as to incorporate the possibility that the elderly may continue to use their mobile phones even if they have not fully adopted the technology. Also, actual use is not always preceded by experimentation and exploration – through social influence older users may consent to the usefulness of the phone and go directly to actual use.