Drinking identity was assessed using a five-item scale adapted from the smoker self-concept scale (Shadel and Mermelstein, 1996). The drinking identity scale assesses the degree to which participants believe drinking is integrated into their own self-concepts. Sample items include “Others view drinking as part of my personality”, and “Drinking is part of who I am”. Respondents report the extent to which they agree with items ranging from 1 = Strongly disagree to 7 = Strongly agree. Scores are then averaged for a mean drinking identify score (˛ = .94).