Acid–base disorders are common and often serious disturbances that can result in significant morbidity and
mortality. This chapter reviews the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of acid–base balance and the
laboratory analyses that aid clinicians in their assessment of acid–base disorders. The pathophysiology of the
four primary acid–base disturbances is presented, evidencebased
therapeutic options are reviewed, and
management guidelines to optimize the outcome of patients with one of these disorders are presented. Given
that medications are a frequent cause of acid–base abnormalities and that acid–base abnormalities are often
preventable, clinicians must anticipate drugrelated
problems to avoid or minimize the clinical consequences
of acid–base disorders, and when necessary, design appropriate treatment regimens.