Unrealistic expectations of tourism’s potential are unfortunately combined with ignorance or willful neglect by decision-makers of the potentially adverse economic, environ- mental and social consequences of tourist development that threaten to curtail its benefits [63]. Yet, as Duffield and Long observed, ‘Ironically, the very consequences of lack of development, the unspoilt character of the landscape and distinctive local cultures, become positive resources as far as tourism is concerned’ [64]. Indeed, much of the driving images of coastal and ocean tourism are closely related to perceptions of relative lack of development