The current for each projection generally is less than that required to produce a spot weld in the same thickness of the same metal. If excessive current is used, the projection will heat rapidly, melt, and result in expulsion. However, the current must be at least high enough to create fusion before the projection has completely collapsed. For multiple projections, the total welding current should approximately equal the current for one projection multiplied by the number of projections. Some adjustment may be required to account for normal projection tolerances, component design, and the impedance of the secondary circuit.
Weld Time Weld time is about the same for single or multiple projections of the same design. Although a short weld time may be desirable from a production standpoint, it will require correspondingly higher amperage. This may cause overheating and metal expulsion. In general,
Figure 2.9—Typical Commercially Available Fasteners Used in Projection Welding
Weld Bolts
Weld Pins
Weld Nuts and Pads
60 CHAPTER 2—PROJECTION WELDING AWS WELDING HANDBOOK 9.3
longer weld times and lower amperages are used for projection welding than those for spot welding. In some cases, multiple welding pulses may be advantageous to control the heating rate. This is helpful with thick sections and metals with low thermal conductivity.
Electrode Force The electrode force used for projection welding depends on the metal being welded, the projection design, and the number of projections in the joint. The force should be adequate to flatten the projections completely when they reach the welding temperature, bringing the workpieces in contact. Excessive force will prematurely collapse the projections and the weld nuggets will be ring-shaped, with incomplete fusion in the center. The welding machine must be capable of mechanically following the workpiece with the electrodes as the projections collapse. Slow follow-up will cause metal expulsion before the workpieces are together. The sequence of events during the formation of a projection weld is shown schematically in Figure 2.10. In Figure 2.10(A), the projection is shown in contact with the mating sheet. In (B), the current has started to heat the projection to welding temperature. In (C), the electrode force causes the heated projection to collapse rapidly and then fusion takes place. The completed weld is shown in (D).
ELECTRODES The areas of the workpieces at the joint interface frequently are flat except for the projections. In such cases, large flat-faced electrodes are used. If the surfaces to be contacted are contoured, the electrodes are fitted to them. With contoured electrodes, the electrode force can be applied without distorting the workpieces and the welding current can be introduced without overheating the contact areas. For a single projection, the face diameter of the electrode should be at least twice the diameter of the projection. With multiple projections, the electrode face should extend a minimum space equal to one projection diameter beyond the boundary of the projection pattern. The best electrode material is one that is hard enough to minimize wear but not so hard that it causes cracking or surface burning of the workpiece. If burning or cracking is encountered, an electrode made of a softer alloy of higher conductivity should be used. With multiple projections, electrode wear can disturb the balance of welding current and electrode force on the projections. Then the strength and quality of the welds may become unacceptable.
Electrodes for large production requirements often have inserts of Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance (RWMA) Group B material at the points of greatest wear. In some cases, it is more economical and equally satisfactory to use one-piece electrodes of RWMA Group A, Class 3 alloy.6 Welding electrodes and locating fixtures for projection welding usually are combined. With the proper fixtures, it is possible to obtain accuracy with projection welding equal to that of any other assembly
6. American Welding Society (AWS), Specification for Automotive Resistance Spot Welding Electrodes, D8.6:2005 Miami: American Welding Society.
Figure 2.10—Sequence of Events During the Formation of a Projection Weld
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
AWS WELDING HANDBOOK 9.3 CHAPTER 2—PROJECTION WELDING 61
process. The welding fixtures should meet the following requirements:
1. Provide accurate positioning of the workpieces; 2. Permit rapid loading and unloading; 3. Allow no alternative path for the welding current; 4. For ac welding, be made of nonmagnetic materials; and 5. Be properly designed for operator safety.
The electrodes must be mounted solidly on the welding machine. The workpieces are correctly positioned in one electrode and all the welds are made at one time in one operation of the machine. The workpieces may be positioned and aligned with one another by punching holes in one and semi-punching the other to match. The projecti
ปัจจุบันการฉายแต่ละโดยทั่วไปจะน้อยกว่าที่จำเป็นในการผลิตจุดเชื่อมในความหนาของโลหะเดียวกันที่เดียว ถ้าใช้กระแสเกิน การฉายภาพจะความร้อนอย่างรวดเร็ว ละลาย และส่งผลให้ขับไล่ อย่างไรก็ตาม ในปัจจุบันต้องน้อยสูงพอที่จะสร้างฟิวชั่นก่อนการฉายภาพที่มียุบอย่างสมบูรณ์ สำหรับการคาดการณ์หลาย รวมกระแสเชื่อมควรประมาณเท่าปัจจุบันสำหรับฉายภาพที่หนึ่งคูณ ด้วยจำนวนประมาณการ การปรับปรุงบางอย่างอาจต้องยอมรับปกติฉาย ออกแบบส่วนประกอบ และอิมพีแดนซ์ของวงจรรองเชื่อมประสานเวลาเวลาเป็นเรื่องเดียวกันสำหรับการคาดการณ์เดียว หรือหลายของแบบเดียวกัน แม้เป็นเวลาสั้น ๆ เชื่อมอาจจะเป็นที่ต้องการจากมุมมองทางการผลิต มันจะต้องสูงขึ้นตามลำดับจำนวนแอมแปร์ ซึ่งอาจทำให้ไล่ร้อน และโลหะ ทั่วไปรูป 2.9 — รัดจำหน่ายทั่วไปที่ใช้ในการเชื่อมฉายเชื่อมน็อตขาเชื่อมเชื่อมถั่วและแผ่นบทที่ 60 2 — ฉายเชื่อม AWS เชื่อมคู่มือ 9.3เชื่อมอีกครั้งและท่อล่างที่ใช้สำหรับฉายภาพเชื่อมกว่าสำหรับจุดเชื่อม ในบางกรณี พัลส์เชื่อมหลายอาจได้ประโยชน์เพื่อควบคุมอัตราการทำความร้อน นี้เป็นประโยชน์กับส่วนหนาและโลหะที่ มีการนำความร้อนต่ำElectrode Force The electrode force used for projection welding depends on the metal being welded, the projection design, and the number of projections in the joint. The force should be adequate to flatten the projections completely when they reach the welding temperature, bringing the workpieces in contact. Excessive force will prematurely collapse the projections and the weld nuggets will be ring-shaped, with incomplete fusion in the center. The welding machine must be capable of mechanically following the workpiece with the electrodes as the projections collapse. Slow follow-up will cause metal expulsion before the workpieces are together. The sequence of events during the formation of a projection weld is shown schematically in Figure 2.10. In Figure 2.10(A), the projection is shown in contact with the mating sheet. In (B), the current has started to heat the projection to welding temperature. In (C), the electrode force causes the heated projection to collapse rapidly and then fusion takes place. The completed weld is shown in (D).ELECTRODES The areas of the workpieces at the joint interface frequently are flat except for the projections. In such cases, large flat-faced electrodes are used. If the surfaces to be contacted are contoured, the electrodes are fitted to them. With contoured electrodes, the electrode force can be applied without distorting the workpieces and the welding current can be introduced without overheating the contact areas. For a single projection, the face diameter of the electrode should be at least twice the diameter of the projection. With multiple projections, the electrode face should extend a minimum space equal to one projection diameter beyond the boundary of the projection pattern. The best electrode material is one that is hard enough to minimize wear but not so hard that it causes cracking or surface burning of the workpiece. If burning or cracking is encountered, an electrode made of a softer alloy of higher conductivity should be used. With multiple projections, electrode wear can disturb the balance of welding current and electrode force on the projections. Then the strength and quality of the welds may become unacceptable.Electrodes for large production requirements often have inserts of Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance (RWMA) Group B material at the points of greatest wear. In some cases, it is more economical and equally satisfactory to use one-piece electrodes of RWMA Group A, Class 3 alloy.6 Welding electrodes and locating fixtures for projection welding usually are combined. With the proper fixtures, it is possible to obtain accuracy with projection welding equal to that of any other assembly6. American Welding Society (AWS), Specification for Automotive Resistance Spot Welding Electrodes, D8.6:2005 Miami: American Welding Society.
Figure 2.10—Sequence of Events During the Formation of a Projection Weld
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
AWS WELDING HANDBOOK 9.3 CHAPTER 2—PROJECTION WELDING 61
process. The welding fixtures should meet the following requirements:
1. Provide accurate positioning of the workpieces; 2. Permit rapid loading and unloading; 3. Allow no alternative path for the welding current; 4. For ac welding, be made of nonmagnetic materials; and 5. Be properly designed for operator safety.
The electrodes must be mounted solidly on the welding machine. The workpieces are correctly positioned in one electrode and all the welds are made at one time in one operation of the machine. The workpieces may be positioned and aligned with one another by punching holes in one and semi-punching the other to match. The projecti
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