For perceived gain or loss, I adapted
four items used in prior work (Highhouse,
Mohammed, and Hoffman 2002): ‘‘How
likely is it that (1) this situation will
result in a successful outcome for you?;
(2) you may lose from this event and are
unlikely to gain?; (3) you may gain in
this situation and are unlikely to lose?;
and (4) there will be personal loss for
you in this situation?’’ Responses could
range from 1 = very unlikely to 4 = very
likely. Reverse coding the second and