Metal ionisation: There are several mechanisms to ionise the sputtered species in a magnetron sputtering system, e.g. penning ionisation, electron impact ionisation and
ion charge exchange [4]. Using a zero dimension global model, it has been shown in [6]
that the penning ionisation is important in discharges having ne < 1017 m 3, while
the electron impact ionisation is the main mechanism to produce metal ions when
ne > 1017 m 3. Gudmundsson [39] has developed a time-dependent global model to
investigate the ionisation mechanism in a HiPIMS discharge. It was reported in [39]
that during the pulse on-time phase, where ne 1019 m 3, sputtered species are mainly
ionised by the electron impact ionisation. In the afterglow plasma when ne decays,
the ion charge exchange mechanism is important in the ionisation process. Recently,
Raadu et al. [40] established a time-dependent global model that specically concerns
the ionisation region (IR) above the magnetron target. The IR model can be employed
to predict internal parameters (e.g. electron temperature, electron density and the
degree of ionisation of both the metal and the argon species) of the HiPIMS plasma
using discharge variables as the input parameters. For example, using a HiPIMS current
with at peak of 100 A, the electron density density can be increased up to 2 1019 m 3.
As a result, the degree of ionisation of aluminium reaches a peak of 80-85% [40
Metal ionisation: There are several mechanisms to ionise the sputtered species in a magnetron sputtering system, e.g. penning ionisation, electron impact ionisation and
ion charge exchange [4]. Using a zero dimension global model, it has been shown in [6]
that the penning ionisation is important in discharges having ne < 1017 m 3, while
the electron impact ionisation is the main mechanism to produce metal ions when
ne > 1017 m 3. Gudmundsson [39] has developed a time-dependent global model to
investigate the ionisation mechanism in a HiPIMS discharge. It was reported in [39]
that during the pulse on-time phase, where ne 1019 m 3, sputtered species are mainly
ionised by the electron impact ionisation. In the afterglow plasma when ne decays,
the ion charge exchange mechanism is important in the ionisation process. Recently,
Raadu et al. [40] established a time-dependent global model that specically concerns
the ionisation region (IR) above the magnetron target. The IR model can be employed
to predict internal parameters (e.g. electron temperature, electron density and the
degree of ionisation of both the metal and the argon species) of the HiPIMS plasma
using discharge variables as the input parameters. For example, using a HiPIMS current
with at peak of 100 A, the electron density density can be increased up to 2 1019 m 3.
As a result, the degree of ionisation of aluminium reaches a peak of 80-85% [40
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