simulation mesh. In order to model the material loss due to fire
the level set is evolved on a background quadtree data structure.
The results are then interpolated back to the simulations mesh.
Adaptive remeshing is applied to account for the deformations
caused by fire and to refine the boundary elements. Refining the
boundary allows for more accuracy in these areas, while keeping
larger elements for efficiency in others. Smoke and fire are
simulated using an Eulerian grid-based approach. For this the
authors introduce a two way solid–fluid coupling method that is
able to combine their Eulerian fluid approach with their Lagrangian
mesh-based approaches for solids, without compromising
quality in either. This is particularly beneficial in a simulation that
considers phase changes, such as solids turning into liquids and
gases. Losasso et al. can only simulate the burning phenomena on
thin-shell objects but they use a similar approach to simulate
melting of volumetric objects which is explained in Section 7. They
do not consider the crumpling and bending associated with thin
shell objects burning.