They are one of the dominant small fishes in the hill streams and upland rivers over a vast geographical range from Pakistan and India eastward to Myanmar and Indochina (Hamilton 1822; Günther 1868; Day 1878; Hora 1921; Smith 1931, 1945; Howes 1980; Chu 1984; Kottelat 1984, 2001; Talwar & Jhingran 1991; He & Chen 1994; Tejavej 2010).