Secondly, EGCg has shown the reverse property against multidrug resistance (MDR). Upon exposure to one chemotherapeutic agent in a clinical context, cancer cells may acquire resistance to chemotherapy. Overexpression of efflux transporters, including P‑glycoprotein (P‑gp), multidrug‑resistance‑associated protein 1 and breast cancer resistance protein, has been shown to be a major cause of MDR. Green tea catechins are one type of candidate agent for an effective MDR modulator since they exhibit few side effects and are consumed routinely by a number of people, as a therapeutic aid. A previous study demonstrated that EGCg reversed a doxorubicin‑resistant model of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting P‑gp pump function (23).