the p-value is a function of the observed sample results (a statistic) that is used for testing a statistical hypothesis. More specifically, the p-value is defined as the probability of obtaining a result equal to or "more extreme" than what was actually observed, assuming that the hypothesis under consideration is true.[1][2] Here, "more extreme" is dependent on the way the hypothesis is tested. Before the test is performed, a threshold value is chosen, called the significance level of the test, traditionally 5% or 1% [3] and denoted as α.