The majority of blade design optimization is performed
through the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
simulations, typically described with 3-D Navier–Stokes equations
[5]. However, 3-D CFD simulations are computationally
expensive, with a single calculation taking hours on a highperformance
computer, making their use with an iterative
search approach difficult [6]. Moreover, assumptions need to
be made, e.g., regarding turbulence or pressure distributions,
which can significantly affect accuracy. Previous evolutionary
studies have been undertaken with types of CFD to optimize
the blade profile for both HAWT [7] and VAWT [8] to varying
degrees of success/realism.
The majority of blade design optimization is performedthrough the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD)simulations, typically described with 3-D Navier–Stokes equations[5]. However, 3-D CFD simulations are computationallyexpensive, with a single calculation taking hours on a highperformancecomputer, making their use with an iterativesearch approach difficult [6]. Moreover, assumptions need tobe made, e.g., regarding turbulence or pressure distributions,which can significantly affect accuracy. Previous evolutionarystudies have been undertaken with types of CFD to optimizethe blade profile for both HAWT [7] and VAWT [8] to varyingdegrees of success/realism.
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