Initial resuscitation
The initial evaluation of patients with sepsis includes the rapid
establishment of multiple points of intravenous (IV) access
with anticipation for the need for fluid resuscitation, antimicrobials,
and possibly vasoactive medications (vasopressors).
As patients are often hypovolaemic, frequently suffering large
fluid deficits, immediate administration of 30 mL/kg (typically
2 L) of crystalloid is recommended.8,24 The goal is to restore
tissue perfusion, and volume resuscitation leads to increases
in cardiac output and systemic oxygen delivery.24 Patients with
hypotension (MAP 4 mmol/L), signs of hypoperfusion or organ failure
are deemed to be in SS/SS. In such instances, transition to a
goal-directed approach to therapy is recommended by consensus
guidelines with measurable endpoints at the 3- and 6-h
marks.8 It is important to note that patients meeting criteria
for sepsis but not SS/SS may benefit from a similar approach
to therapy. However, consensus guidelines advocating bundled
care pertain specifically to SS/SS patients.8
In resource limited settings, administer at least 30 mL/kg
(typically 2 L) of crystalloid upon the recognition of sepsis,
as many patients are hypovolaemic.