• Type III – strong center. Characterizes cities having a high land use density and
high levels of accessibility to urban transit. There are thus limited needs for highways
and parking space in the central area, where a set of high capacity public transit
lines service most of the mobility needs. The productivity of this urban area is thus
mainly related to the efficiency of the public transport system. The convergence of
radial roads and ring roads favors the location of secondary centers, where activities
that were no longer able to afford a central location have located. This system
characterizes cities with important commercial and financial functions and which
grew in the nineteenth century, such as Paris, New York and Tokyo.