Shadow effects. It is clear that the energy extraction of an array of WECs creates a wake that modifies the local wave climate by reducing the mean wave height (shadow effect [27]). Combining WECs and offshore shore wind parks at the same location, in a way in which this shadow effect can be used to obtain a milder wave climate inside the park (with the proper design, e.g., by locating the WECs along the perimeter of the offshore wind park), may lead to more weather windows for accessing the wind turbines for O&M, and to reduced loads on the structures