Compared to morphological structures of original rosehip seeds
shown in Fig. 2b, significant differences are explicitly seen in the
morphological structures of waste rosehip seeds shown in Fig. 2c.
It seen that the oil in original seeds is distributed homogenously
on the inert solid whereas the oil in waste seeds is accumulated
because ofthe damage on the ligneous structure composed oflignin
and cellulose. Scanning electronmicroscope analyses ofthe oil–free
original and waste seeds obtained at the end of the scCO2 extraction
operation under the conditions of 30 MPa and 40 ◦C for 5 h are
shown in Fig. 2d and e, respectively. The surface morphology of
the oil–free original seed shows similarities with the morphologic
structure of seeds isolated from their dried rosehip fruits as used in
the works of Reverchon et al. [28] and del Valle and Uquiche [25].
As emphasized by the researchers, RHSO is distributed inside these
micro porous structures. However, it is explicitly seen on Fig. 2e
that a structural deformation occurs on the seeds as a result of the
exposure of oilseeds to a heating process at 72 ◦C in vacuo during
the production of rosehip marmalade. In the extraction process car-ried out with scCO2 under 30 MPa and 40 ◦C for 5 h, the extraction
yield identified as 15.6 g oil/100 g dry solid for original seeds is less
than the extraction yield of heat–treated rosehip seeds identified as
16.5 g oil/100 g dry solid. Machmudah et al. [31] emphasized that
the amount of oil, therefore the extraction yield may increase as
a result of the structural deformation of seeds at 80 ◦C during the
scCO2 extraction of RHSO