However, it also recognises that there is little likelihood of an orthodox military assault across the alliance’s borders. Most of the threats now facing NATO are unconventional. These include terrorism, rogue states with weapons of mass destruction (WMD), global trade disruption, and cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure such as power grids. Old fashioned notions of static defence are increasingly irrelevant in the modern world, as is a good deal of NATO’s equipment. Building on lessons learned from Afghanistan, the strategic concept calls on NATO to ‘further develop doctrine and military capabilities for expeditionary operations, including counter-insurgency, stabilisation and reconstruction’. How far this will take NATO away from its traditional military focus, particularly in terms of post-conflict reconstruction, remains to be seen.