This study invited doctoral students of educational technology or related fields (eg, instructional
systems technology, instructional technology) from three universities in the USA (two in the
Midwest, one in the South) to participate. The selectionwas based on the size of doctoral program
in order to obtain a comparable representation of student population and program resources. At
the time of the survey was administered (2009–10), there were 13 institutions in the USA that
offered doctoral program in related fields. Among the 13 institutions, 6 had enrollment of more