NEO-FFI subscale means and effect size (Cohen’s d) by gender in the Icelandic
reference sample (N = 655, gender missing for 2 cases) (df = 653) including US gender
norms and effect sizes. Independent-samples t-test (2-tailed) for differences in means
between genders. (As N’s for US reference group were not available, statistical tests of
differences in means were not performed).