Edison Illuminating Company
The 1880s were a busy time for Thomas Edison. After being granted a patent for the light bulb in January 1880, Edison set out to develop a company that would deliver the electricity to power and light the cities of the world. That same year, Edison founded the Edison Illuminating Company—the first investor-owned electric utility—which later became the General Electric Corporation. In 1881, he left Menlo Park to establish facilities in several cities where electrical systems were being installed.
In 1882, the Pearl Street generating station provided 110 volts of electrical power to 59 customers in lower Manhattan. In 1884 Edison's wife, Mary, died, and in 1886, he married Mina Miller, 19 years his junior. In 1887, Edison built an industrial research laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey, which served as the primary research laboratory for the Edison lighting companies. He spent most of his time there, supervising the development of lighting technology and power systems. He also perfected the phonograph, and developed the motion picture camera and the alkaline storage battery.
Industrialist and Business Manager
Over the next few decades, Edison found his role as inventor transitioning to one as industrialist and business manager. The laboratory in West Orange was too large and complex for any one man to completely manage, and Edison found he was not as successful in his new role as he was in his former one. Edison also found that much of the future development and perfection of his inventions was being conducted by university-trained mathematicians and scientists. He worked best in intimate, unstructured environments with a handful of assistants and was outspoken about his disdain for academia and corporate operations.
He eventually became embroiled in a longstanding rivalry with Nikola Tesla, an engineering visionary with academic training who worked with Edison's company for a time, parting ways in 1885. The two would publicly clash about the use of direct current electricity, which Edison favored, vs. alternating currents, which Tesla championed. The latter inventor entered into a partnership with George Westinghouse, an Edison competitor as well, and thus a major business feud over electrical power came into being. One of the unusual and cruel ways Edison tried to convince people of the dangers of alternating current was through public demonstrations in which animals were electrocuted. One of the most infamous of these shows was the 1903 electrocution of a circus elephant named Topsy in New York's Coney Island.
On a couple of occasions, Edison was able to turn failure into success. During the 1890s, he built a magnetic iron-ore processing plant in northern New Jersey that proved to be a commercial failure. Later, he was able to salvage the process into a better method for producing cement. On April 23, 1896, Edison became the first person to project a motion picture, holding the world's first motion picture screening at Koster & Bial's Music Hall in New York City.
As the automobile industry began to grow, Edison worked on developing a suitable storage battery that could power an electric car. Though the gasoline-powered engine eventually prevailed, Edison designed a battery for the self-starter on the Model T for friend and admirer Henry Ford in 1912. The system was used extensively in the auto industry for decades.
During World War I, the U.S. government asked Thomas Edison to head the Naval Consulting Board, which examined inventions submitted for military use. Edison worked on several projects, including submarine detectors and gun-location techniques. However, due to his moral indignation toward violence, he specified that he would work only on defensive weapons, later noting, "I am proud of the fact that I never invented weapons to kill."
By the end of the 1920s Thomas Edison was in his 80s and he slowed down somewhat, but not before he applied for the last of his 1,093 U.S. patents, for an apparatus for holding objects during the electroplating process. Edison and his second wife, Mina, spent part of their time at their winter retreat in Fort Myers, Florida, where his friendship with automobile tycoon Henry Ford flourished and he continued to work on several projects, ranging from electric trains to finding a domestic source for natural rubber.
Final Years
Thomas Edison died of complications of diabetes on October 18, 1931, in his home, "Glenmont," in West Orange, New Jersey. He was 84 years old. Many communities and corporations throughout the world dimmed their lights or briefly turned off their electrical power to commemorate his passing. Edison's career was the quintessential rags-to-riches success story that made him a folk hero in America. An uninhibited egoist, he could be a tyrant to employees and ruthless to competitors. Though he was a publicity seeker, he didn’t socialize well and often neglected his family. By the time he died he was one of the most well-known and respected Americans in the world. He had been at the forefront of America’s first technological revolution and set the stage for the modern electric world.
Edison, considered one of America's leading businessmen, is credited today for helping to build America's economy during the nation's vulnerable early years.
บริษัทพร่างเอดิสันปัจจุบันมีเวลาว่างสำหรับ Thomas เอดิสัน หลังจากการได้รับสิทธิบัตรสำหรับหลอดไฟใน 1880 มกราคม เอดิสันได้ออกพัฒนาบริษัทที่จะส่งมอบไฟฟ้าพลังงาน และแสงเมืองของโลก ปีเดียว เอดิสันก่อตั้ง บริษัทเอดิสันสัญญาณตัวแรกเป็นของนักลงทุนไฟฟ้าโปรแกรมอรรถประโยชน์ — ซึ่งภายหลังกลายเป็น บริษัทไฟฟ้าทั่วไป ใน 1881 เขาซ้ายพาร์กเพื่อสร้างสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกในหลายเมืองที่มีการติดตั้งระบบไฟฟ้าใน 1882 ถนนเพิร์ลสร้างสถานีให้ 110 โวลต์ของไฟฟ้าให้ในแมนฮัตตันล่าง 59 ใน 1884 ภรรยาของเอดิสัน แมรี่ เสียชีวิต และอิศวร เขาแต่งงานมิลเลอร์ Mina, 19 ปีจูเนียร์ของเขา ใน 1887 เอดิสันสร้างห้องปฏิบัติการวิจัยอุตสาหกรรมในตะวันตกสีส้ม นิวเจอร์ซีย์ ซึ่งทำหน้าที่เป็นห้องปฏิบัติการวิจัยหลักสำหรับบริษัทแสงเอดิสัน เขาใช้เวลาส่วนใหญ่ของเวลา ควบคุมการพัฒนาระบบเทคโนโลยีและการพลังงาน เขายัง perfected แบบแผ่นแบบ และพัฒนากล้องภาพเคลื่อนไหวและเก็บแบตเตอรี่อัลคาไลน์Industrialist และจัดการธุรกิจOver the next few decades, Edison found his role as inventor transitioning to one as industrialist and business manager. The laboratory in West Orange was too large and complex for any one man to completely manage, and Edison found he was not as successful in his new role as he was in his former one. Edison also found that much of the future development and perfection of his inventions was being conducted by university-trained mathematicians and scientists. He worked best in intimate, unstructured environments with a handful of assistants and was outspoken about his disdain for academia and corporate operations.He eventually became embroiled in a longstanding rivalry with Nikola Tesla, an engineering visionary with academic training who worked with Edison's company for a time, parting ways in 1885. The two would publicly clash about the use of direct current electricity, which Edison favored, vs. alternating currents, which Tesla championed. The latter inventor entered into a partnership with George Westinghouse, an Edison competitor as well, and thus a major business feud over electrical power came into being. One of the unusual and cruel ways Edison tried to convince people of the dangers of alternating current was through public demonstrations in which animals were electrocuted. One of the most infamous of these shows was the 1903 electrocution of a circus elephant named Topsy in New York's Coney Island. เอดิสันก็ไม่สามารถที่จะเปลี่ยนความล้มเหลวเป็นความสำเร็จในสองโอกาส ในระหว่างช่วงปี 1890 สื่อ เขาสร้างโรงงานแปรรูปแร่เหล็กแม่เหล็กในนิวเจอร์ซี่เหนือที่พิสูจน์แล้วว่าเป็นความล้มเหลวในเชิงพาณิชย์ ภายหลัง เขากู้กระบวนการเป็นวิธีที่ดีสำหรับการผลิตปูนซีเมนต์ บน 23 เมษายน 1896 เอดิสันเป็น คนแรกยื่นรูปภาพเคลื่อนไหว กดโลกแรกภาพเคลื่อนไหวตรวจที่ Koster และ Bial ของมิวสิคฮอลล์ในนิวยอร์กซิตี้ขณะที่อุตสาหกรรมรถยนต์เริ่มเติบโต เอดิสันทำงานการพัฒนาเก็บแบตเตอรี่เหมาะที่สามารถพลังงานรถยนต์ไฟฟ้า แม้ว่าเครื่องยนต์เบนซินขับเคลื่อนในที่สุดแผ่ขยายไป เอดิสันออกแบบแบตเตอรี่สำหรับ self-starter เทียบรุ่นกับเพื่อนและคนที่ชอบเฮนรีฟอร์ดในซาวน่า ระบบถูกใช้อย่างกว้างขวางในอุตสาหกรรมยานยนต์ในทศวรรษที่ผ่านมาระหว่างสงครามโลก รัฐบาลสหรัฐขอ Thomas เอดิสันกับหัวเรือที่ปรึกษาคณะกรรมการ ซึ่งตรวจสอบส่งทหารงานประดิษฐ์ เอดิสันทำงานในโครงการต่าง ๆ เครื่องตรวจจับใต้น้ำและที่ตั้งปืนเทคนิค อย่างไรก็ตาม เนื่องจาก indignation คุณธรรมของเขาต่อความรุนแรง เขาระบุว่า เขาจะทำงานเฉพาะบนอาวุธป้องกัน ภายหลังสังเกต "ฉันเป็นความภาคภูมิใจของความเป็นจริงที่ฉันไม่เคยคิดค้นอาวุธเพื่อฆ่า"By the end of the 1920s Thomas Edison was in his 80s and he slowed down somewhat, but not before he applied for the last of his 1,093 U.S. patents, for an apparatus for holding objects during the electroplating process. Edison and his second wife, Mina, spent part of their time at their winter retreat in Fort Myers, Florida, where his friendship with automobile tycoon Henry Ford flourished and he continued to work on several projects, ranging from electric trains to finding a domestic source for natural rubber.Final YearsThomas Edison died of complications of diabetes on October 18, 1931, in his home, "Glenmont," in West Orange, New Jersey. He was 84 years old. Many communities and corporations throughout the world dimmed their lights or briefly turned off their electrical power to commemorate his passing. Edison's career was the quintessential rags-to-riches success story that made him a folk hero in America. An uninhibited egoist, he could be a tyrant to employees and ruthless to competitors. Though he was a publicity seeker, he didn’t socialize well and often neglected his family. By the time he died he was one of the most well-known and respected Americans in the world. He had been at the forefront of America’s first technological revolution and set the stage for the modern electric world.Edison, considered one of America's leading businessmen, is credited today for helping to build America's economy during the nation's vulnerable early years.
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