In addition to the Banggai archipelago,P. kauderni is found in Luwuk, Central Sulawesi. This population is restricted with in the harbor, which is about 1.2 km in length by 0.5 km and opens to the ocean through a passage of about 150 m. Besides from being restricted to a very small area, this population is exposed to high levels of pollution, including regular fuel spills, fresh water and sewage discharges. Although both north and south coastlines have suitable habitats with adequate substrate and environmental conditions far better than within the Luwuk harbor, no population was found Luwuk to Botok (68 km to the north, including Lamala Bay), and from the harbor to Luk (46.5 km to the south). The Luwuk population therefore isolated from the populations inhabiting the Banggai Archipelago. The closest population is localized in Patikaman (south- central Peleng) at about 120 km, and separated by the Peleng Strait with strong currents and depths up to about920 m (Vagelli, 2005). Because of its isolation, and the fact that Luwuk harbor was used by fish collectors as a distribution center during the first years ofthe P kaudemi trade, the Luwuk population has been proposed to be the result of an artificial introduction, yet no direct evidence is available.