The in-depth interview guide consisted of: guidelines for observations; and, 30 open-ended and 25 probing interview questions. Areas requiring observation included description of each participant’s: housing conditions; family relationships; and, types of parent/grandparent-child interactions. Examples of family relationships and parent/grandparent-child interactions included observations regarding: what was happening between the parents/grandparent and their child during a typical day; how the parents/grandparent responded to their child; and, how the child responded to his/her parents/grandparent. Recording of observations made of each family were done by way of field notes. The interview component of the instrument consisted of 30 open-ended questions such as: “What do you do with your child during a typical day?”; “Please describe the type of activities you do with your child during a typical day?”; “How do you respond to your child’s various types of behavior?”; and, “How does your child respond to your various actions?” Examples of the 25 probing interview questions included: “Please describe that specific behavior of your child in a bit more detail?”; “Please clarify exactly what you mean?; “Please give another example of your reactions to your child’s responses to you?”; “Please give another example of how you discipline your child?”; “Please demonstrate the playing you normally do with your child?; and, “Please give another example of the playing you do with your child?”. The audio/video tape recording device was used throughout each interview, as well as during the parent/grandparent-child interactions when feeding, playing, teaching, disciplining and daily routine caring occurred. Audio/video taping was done so as not to inadvertently miss data, as well as to facilitate review of the data and validate the findings. The recording device was set up, by the PI, prior to each interview/observation, and discontinued when the interview/observation ended. Procedure: Once a potential participant was identified and approached (either in the waiting room of one of the health clinics or in the lunch room of one of the factories), determined to meet the study’s inclusion criteria, assured of his/her ethical rights and consented to take part in the study,