the harvest on the market (Grünbühel et al., 2003). This
high dependency on crop – in particular rice – produc-tion was refl ected by the large proportion of buffalo as
well as cattle farms integrating crop and livestock. The
correlations between the number of livestock raised and
the land size emphasize the dependence of the animals
on grazing areas, but also indicate the wealth of farmers
with large animal herds.
Regarding the labour management on the farms, a
shortage of labour force is a major problem and con-straint of small-scale livestock farms nowadays. This is
mainly caused by the migration of employees to peri-urban and urban areas, especially of the young gener-ations. Therefore, the different household activities on
livestock farms are widely carried out by women, chil-dren and older people (Skunmun et al., 2001).