Rheumatoid Arthritis
1. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship
between cigarette smoking and rheumatoid arthritis.
2. The evidence is sufficient to infer that cigarette smoking
reduces the effectiveness of the tumor necrosis
factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
1. The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or
absence of a causal relationship between cigarette
smoking and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
the severity of SLE, or the response to therapy for
SLE.