Flotation pre-concentration of sulphide and gold values from certain Carlin-type deposits characterised
as double-refractory gold ores is quite challenging. Numerous studies conducted on these ores in many
laboratories globally (including the present study) under a variety of chemical and physical conditions
have merely confirmed low recovery (and poor concentrate grades) for sulphide minerals and gold,
and poor separation between sulphide minerals and carbonaceous matter, even when the valuable minerals
are adequately liberated. None of the traditional reasons based on liberation or the choice of chemical
and physical conditions and separation strategies could provide satisfactory explanation for the
observed poor separation.
In this study, the focus was on the role of non-sulphide gangue (NSG) minerals. It was hypothesised
that specific NSG minerals have a detrimental effect on flotation recovery of gold bearing minerals and
their separation selectivity. In order to test this hypothesis and delineate the effect of the various gangue
minerals, a new approach was taken. This involved first isolating the various mineral components of a
double-refractory gold ore from one of the Carlin-type deposits using a gravity separation technique.
Then flotation experiments were performed using a mixture design on various mixtures of these isolated
components under controlled conditions. The results of these mixture experiments supported the
hypothesis and demonstrated, for the first time for these types of ores, that even small amounts of
NSG minerals, especially carbonaceous matter and clays, had a large adverse effect on the flotation of
sulphides and selectivity of separation. While it is tempting to attribute the observed effects solely to
slime coating, there is no basis to do so at this stage; it is more reasonable to propose that multiple contributions
exist. The results of this study provide the much-needed context and direction for further fundamental
studies and for developing processing strategies.