polynomial regression analysis. Future methodological
work is required before SEM can handle the non-linearity
implied by the polynomial equation.
In contrast to matching form of fit models, covariancebased
SEM is now sufficiently well-developed to test
moderation form of fit models. Finally, the fact that
covariance-based SEM has been developed to analyze linear
and not non-linear effects is reflected in the results of
the Monte Carlo simulation, as the fit indices in covariancebased
SEM do not warn against an un-modeled moderator
(or quadratic) effect. To prevent incorrect theoretical conclusions,
studies that investigate complex path models
should verify as part of their robustness checks that moderator
and/or quadratic effects have not been overlooked.
The conclusions from this work imply two main
avenues for fruitful future research grounded on contingency
theory. First, future contingency-style studies
could attempt to develop models based on the concept
of hetero-performance of different “matches” between the
contingency and MCS variables. It would also be interesting
to investigate potential asymmetric effects of mis-fit on
performance. Such work may not necessarily be quantitative
in nature, but could also be qualitative, as theory may
not yet be developed well enough for more sophisticated
models.31
Second, carefully discussing when moderation forms
of fit might represent truncated versions of a matching
form of fit might contribute to a more fine-graded
view of contingency relationships. However, any empirical
contingency-related work should pay particular attention
to the limits of studying ‘fit,’ as any research design can
only consider a limited number of variables at a time.
Also, future contingency studies may critically reflect on
whether the underlying assumption of contingency theory
(that companies are always seeking to regain ‘fit’)
always holds true. If, for example, companies are found
to adopt practices just to appear legitimate (DiMaggio and
Powell, 1983), researchers may find quite a few companies
remaining in misfit without attempting to regain fit.