Fig. 2. Regulation of skeletal muscle growth by the GH system in teleost fish. The GH stimulates muscle growth in fish, inducing proliferation of myogenic cells and muscle
hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy. The molecular mechanisms involved in these processes include the transcriptional regulation of several genes of the MSTN, atrophy, GH, and IGF system as well as genes coding for MRFs. The GH also affects the transcription and biological activity of other molecules. However, which type of flGHRs (i.e. flGHR1 and/ or flGHR2) and signaling pathways are involved in the expression of these molecules is unknown. The GH seems to control the expression of igf1 via the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway. However, whether or not this pathway is the most potent stimulator of igf1 transcription remains to be determined. These mild effects of the GH on igf1 expression in fish muscle seem to be related with the presence of higher contents of tGHR1 than flGHR1, suggesting impairment of GH signaling pathways (e.g. JAK2/STAT5). Whether or not the flGHR1 can activate other signaling pathways, as well as which signal transductions are activated by flGHR2, in fish muscle remains an open question. The role of GHBP and flGHR2 in fish muscle growth as well as whether the effects of the GH are directly or indirectly mediated by muscle-derived IGF1 are not known. This diagram represents a simplified illustration summarizing the components and the effects of the GH system on fish muscle growth. For further details, see Section 4. White-symbols (i.e. molecules and boxes) and question marks (?) represent unstudied molecules or biological processes in fish skeletal muscle. Absent molecules are indicated in blackdashed symbols. Symbols (i.e. molecules and boxes) colored in blue and green denote positive and negative modulators of fish muscle growth, respectively.
รูป 2 ควบคุมการเจริญเติบโตของกล้ามเนื้อโครงร่างระบบ GH ในปลา teleost GH กระตุ้นการเจริญเติบโตของกล้ามเนื้อในปลา กระตุ้นให้เกิดการแพร่กระจายของเซลล์ myogenic และกล้ามเนื้อhyperplasia and/or hypertrophy. The molecular mechanisms involved in these processes include the transcriptional regulation of several genes of the MSTN, atrophy, GH, and IGF system as well as genes coding for MRFs. The GH also affects the transcription and biological activity of other molecules. However, which type of flGHRs (i.e. flGHR1 and/ or flGHR2) and signaling pathways are involved in the expression of these molecules is unknown. The GH seems to control the expression of igf1 via the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway. However, whether or not this pathway is the most potent stimulator of igf1 transcription remains to be determined. These mild effects of the GH on igf1 expression in fish muscle seem to be related with the presence of higher contents of tGHR1 than flGHR1, suggesting impairment of GH signaling pathways (e.g. JAK2/STAT5). Whether or not the flGHR1 can activate other signaling pathways, as well as which signal transductions are activated by flGHR2, in fish muscle remains an open question. The role of GHBP and flGHR2 in fish muscle growth as well as whether the effects of the GH are directly or indirectly mediated by muscle-derived IGF1 are not known. This diagram represents a simplified illustration summarizing the components and the effects of the GH system on fish muscle growth. For further details, see Section 4. White-symbols (i.e. molecules and boxes) and question marks (?) represent unstudied molecules or biological processes in fish skeletal muscle. Absent molecules are indicated in blackdashed symbols. Symbols (i.e. molecules and boxes) colored in blue and green denote positive and negative modulators of fish muscle growth, respectively.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
![](//thimg.ilovetranslation.com/pic/loading_3.gif?v=b9814dd30c1d7c59_8619)