Long-term exposure to traffi c-related air pollution may shorten life expectancy.
Long-term exposure to combustion-related fi ne particulate air pollution is an
important environmental risk factor for cardiac, pulmonary and lung cancer
mortality (307). Even relatively low levels of air pollution observed in California,
United States of America, have chronic, adverse effects on lung development
in children from the age of 10 to 18 years, leading to clinically signifi cant
defi cits in attained FEV1 as children reach adulthood (308, 309).