The fossil fuel consumption of mechanized collection resulted
in GHGE of 70–160 kg CO2-eq for each ton of straw collected.
This almost equaled the emission from burning the same amount of rice straw in the field,
which was calculated based on the data mentioned in the introduction.
However, assuming that this collected straw is used for biogas production (Nguyen et al., 2016), the biogas generated can replace the use of fossil fuels and thus reduce 87
(± 4.3) kg CO2-eq for one ton of straw.