The Redundancy Principle
People learn more deeply from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration, and on-screen text.
The rationale is that with redundant presentations people may waste precious processing capacity by
trying to reconcile the two verbal streams of information or may focus on the printed words rather than
the relevant portions of the graphics. This principle was supported in 16 out of 16 experimental tests,
yielding a median effect size of 0.86. For example, Moreno and Mayer (2002) reported that students
performed better on a transfer test about lightning if they received a narrated animation about lightning
formation rather than the same narrated animation with concurrent onscreen text inserted at the
bottom of the screen. Concerning boundary conditions, the redundancy effect can be diminished or
even reversed when the learners are experienced, the on-screen text is short, or the material lacks
graphics (Mayer, 2009; Mayer & Fiorella, in press).
The Redundancy PrinciplePeople learn more deeply from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration, and on-screen text. The rationale is that with redundant presentations people may waste precious processing capacity by trying to reconcile the two verbal streams of information or may focus on the printed words rather than the relevant portions of the graphics. This principle was supported in 16 out of 16 experimental tests, yielding a median effect size of 0.86. For example, Moreno and Mayer (2002) reported that students performed better on a transfer test about lightning if they received a narrated animation about lightning formation rather than the same narrated animation with concurrent onscreen text inserted at the bottom of the screen. Concerning boundary conditions, the redundancy effect can be diminished or even reversed when the learners are experienced, the on-screen text is short, or the material lacks graphics (Mayer, 2009; Mayer & Fiorella, in press).
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