“An Islamic ‘state’ is not part of the faith. What is required by faith (iman) is working towards justice and equity in (the) public space. There is no concept of ‘nation state’ in the classical formulation of political theory. We have the concept of Dar-al-Islam and Dar-al-harb. The first, ‘sphere of Islam’ means any part of the earth where Muslims predominate and create a government, even when they do not necessarily spread the message of Islam. The opposite is the ‘sphere of war’, which must be brought under the dominance of Muslims. These two concepts are absent in the Qur’an or Hadith. They are part of the Fiqh formulations. Hence, it is living with Taqwa and working for justice everywhere that is required by our faith in God and the Prophet.”