Ninety subjects were recruited through advertising targeting individuals 65 years or older. Individuals with severe cardiac disease or orthopedic or neurological disorders that resulted in mobility impairment were excluded from the study. All the enrolled subjects of this study had normal cognition, as determined by a Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination score of 24. Of the participants, 16 were excluded because of cardiac or muscular problems, and the remaining 74 participants were randomly enrolled in 1 of 2 groups. The exercise group had twice as many subjects as the control group: 49 subjects were allocated to the exercise group, and 25 to the control group. During the experimental period, 24 participants dropped out owing to illness and were lost to follow-up. The participants were enrolled in this study after providing their informed consent in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.