If a plaintiff proves that a disparate impact exists, an organization may then defend its employment practices by showing validation or business necessity. The EEOC’s Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures provides a detailed description of test validation. Specific validation methods are discussed further in chapter 8. If the defendant successfully demonstrates business necessity, the plaintiff may prevail by proving that the defendant refused to adopt an alternative practice that is equally valid but causes less adverse impact. This condition was introduced by the Supreme Court in Albermarle Paper Co. v. Moody, stating that a plaintiff ma demonstrate that an employers’ test Is a pretext for discrimination by showing “ that other tests or selection devices, without a similarly undesirable racial effect, would also serve the employer’s legitimate interest in efficient and trustworthy workmanship. The Supreme Court noted in Watson v. Fort Worth Bank and Trust that cost, burdens, and effectiveness are factors that may be used to evaluate alternative practices.