What is the answer? Improving coordination, concurrency, and integration of product development programs can be effective in minimizing these negative outcomes. The most prominent approach is a multidisciplined teaming structure driving greater collaboration and concurrency to speed the program while helping to optimize trade-offs. Fewer lessons will be left to be discovered at the outset of production, thus minimizing the startup pains or Band-Aid fixes that can have long-lasting impact. Yet these may not go far enough. Their project orientation tends to promote a focused mindset, rather than an overarching and ongoing shift back to the collaboration that worked well in the early days of aviation—an approach on which one Grumman executive fondly reflected.