Methods
Subjects
Subjects were 290 adults (men, 48%) aged 25 to 59 years. They consisted of 44 patients with SZ
(men, 46%), 125 with MDD (56%), 56 with BPD (46%), and 65 healthy controls (HC) (28%)
(Table 1). They were recruited through notices posted in the National Center of Neurology and
Psychiatry (NCNP) Hospital, website announcements, or advertisements in a local free paper.
All subjects other than HC were outpatients who attended either the NCNP hospital or local
hospitals/clinics. All subjects were interviewed by a trained psychiatrist using the Japanese
version of theMini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview [19,20], and diagnoses were confirmed
based on the DSMofMental Disorders, 4th ed., text rev. (DSM-IV-TR) [21]. Schizophrenic
symptoms were corroborated by administering the Positive and Negative Symptoms
Scale (PANSS) to all subjects with SZ [22].