These results allow two main conclusions: (1) food supply and larval density both affect survival, growth and metamorphosis of H. rugulosa tadpoles; (2) a combination of low food supply and high density can increase the stress response for the exposed tadpoles in comparison to when only one factor is present. As expected, the IF × HD combination resulted in the lowest metamorphosis rate, longest larval period, most variable metamorphosis time, and smallest body size and mass at metamorphosis