After 20 years of digging, Austrian archaeologists say they have determined the design of a Mesopotamian ziggurat - a temple tower - built by King Nebuchadnezzar some 2,500 years ago. The temple tower consisted of seven terraces built of millions of mud bricks and rose 231 feet, the scientists say. It probably was similar to the many ziggurats built by Nebuchadnezzar, the ruler who ordered the destruction of the ancient Jewish temple in Jerusalem, they add.
The temple of Borsippa, 75 miles south of Baghdad, was constructed atop the ruins of a smaller tower from the second millennium B.C. Nebuchadnezzar's temple was dedicated to Nabu, the god of science and learning in Mesopotamia and the king's protector. Wilfrid Allinger-Csollich of the University of Innsbruck said that of all the temple towers built during the Nebuchadnezzar's 40-year reign, the Borsippa ziggurat has best survived the ravages of time.
The Austrians removed thousands of tons of debris from the mound that gradually built up around the tower over the ages and uncovered most of the ziggurat's remains, which still rise to 172 feet. The work revealed the tower's exact dimensions, Allinger-Csollich said. "We did not use high-tech, but rudimentary means. We just counted the number of bricks," he said.
The square bricks used by Nebuchadnezzar had standard dimensions -- 13 1/4 inches on each side and 3 1/4 inches in depth. The Austrians used mechanical shovels to reach the foundation, which they measured at 297 by 297 feet.
More than 1 million fired bricks were used for the first level's 3.3-foot-tall outer wall, Allinger-Csollich said. Given the Borsippa tower's height of 231 feet. The builders filled the inside of each level with tens of millions of unfired bricks held in place with cedar beams brought from Lebanon.
The Austrians determined the tower had three staircases and are in the process of calculating how many steps each had. Their picture of the temple's exterior is almost complete. The first two levels were covered with bitumen and were black. The third, fourth and fifth were decorated with blue-glazed bricks and possibly adorned with bulls and lions. The sixth and seventh terraces, close to the sanctuary, were wholly made of mud brick. For cultic purposes the Mesopotamians thought mud to be the purest of substances. On top was Nabu's residence with rooms for servants and priests and wings for his wife, Tachmitum, his children and daughters.
There must have been a big library of cuneiform tablets. Among the finds are several tablets and a foundation stone with inscriptions detailing why and how Nebuchadnezzar constructed the tower in Borsippa. One text says the king wanted the Borsippa built on the same design as that of the Tower of Babel, of which only the foundation survives in Babylon seven miles to the north. Another text quotes Nebuchadnezzar as declaring that Nabu's tower should reach the skies and be no less in grandeur than that of Babel, which was dedicated to the god Marduk.
หลังจาก 20 ปีของขุด โบราณคดีออสเตรียกล่าวว่า พวกเขาได้กำหนดการออกแบบของเมโสโปเต ziggurat -หอวัด - สร้าง โดยกษัตริย์ Nebuchadnezzar 2,500 ปี หอวัดประกอบด้วยเจ็ดระเบียงสร้างล้าน ๆ อิฐโคลนและกุหลาบ 231 ฟุต นักวิทยาศาสตร์พูด มันอาจจะเป็นคล้ายกับ ziggurats จำนวนมากที่สร้างขึ้น โดย Nebuchadnezzar ไม้บรรทัดที่สั่งทำลายวัดยิวในกรุงเยรูซาเล็ม พวกเขาเพิ่มวัด Borsippa, 75 ไมล์ทางใต้ของแบกแดด ถูกสร้างขึ้นบนซากปรักหักพังของอาคารขนาดเล็กจากมิลเลนเนียมสองก่อนนั้นวัดของ Nebuchadnezzar อุทิศตนเพื่อ Nabu วิทยาศาสตร์และการเรียนรู้ในโสโปเตเมียและป้องกันพระพระ Wilfrid Allinger-Csollich ของมหาวิทยาลัย Innsbruck กล่าวว่า ของหมดวัดอาคารที่สร้างขึ้นในสมัย 40 ปีของ Nebuchadnezzar, Borsippa ziggurat มีดีรอดราชันย์ออสเตรียออกพันตันเศษจากเนินดินที่ค่อย ๆ สร้างขึ้นรอบ ๆ หออายุและส่วนใหญ่ยังคงของ ziggurat ซึ่งยังคง เพิ่มขึ้น 172 ฟุตเถ การทำงานพบว่า ขนาดที่แน่นอนของอาคาร Allinger Csollich กล่าวว่า "เราไม่ได้ใช้เทคโนโลยีสูง แต่วิธี rudimentary เรานับจำนวนอิฐ เขากล่าวว่าใช้ Nebuchadnezzar อิฐสี่เหลี่ยมมีขนาดมาตรฐาน - 13 1/4 นิ้วแต่ละด้าน และ 3 1/4 นิ้วลึก ออสเตรียใช้หยิบพลั่วกลถึงมูลนิธิ ซึ่งพวกเขาวัดที่ 297 ตาม 297 ฟุตMore than 1 million fired bricks were used for the first level's 3.3-foot-tall outer wall, Allinger-Csollich said. Given the Borsippa tower's height of 231 feet. The builders filled the inside of each level with tens of millions of unfired bricks held in place with cedar beams brought from Lebanon.The Austrians determined the tower had three staircases and are in the process of calculating how many steps each had. Their picture of the temple's exterior is almost complete. The first two levels were covered with bitumen and were black. The third, fourth and fifth were decorated with blue-glazed bricks and possibly adorned with bulls and lions. The sixth and seventh terraces, close to the sanctuary, were wholly made of mud brick. For cultic purposes the Mesopotamians thought mud to be the purest of substances. On top was Nabu's residence with rooms for servants and priests and wings for his wife, Tachmitum, his children and daughters.There must have been a big library of cuneiform tablets. Among the finds are several tablets and a foundation stone with inscriptions detailing why and how Nebuchadnezzar constructed the tower in Borsippa. One text says the king wanted the Borsippa built on the same design as that of the Tower of Babel, of which only the foundation survives in Babylon seven miles to the north. Another text quotes Nebuchadnezzar as declaring that Nabu's tower should reach the skies and be no less in grandeur than that of Babel, which was dedicated to the god Marduk.
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