Certain newly created rocky shores provide 'outdoor laboratories'
in which the development of seres can be studied and monitored.
Volcanic eruptions, especially when on islands, create new areas of
coastline. The gradual colonisation of the ash laid down during the
emergence of Anak Krakatoa (son of Krakatoa) in Indonesia following
the catastrophic eruption of Krakatoa itself at the end of the 19th
century, Surtesey, the Icelandic island that emerged in the 1960s, and
the various eruptive stages that have built uP. Nea Kameni in the
Santorini caldera in Greece since the 18th century are all sources of
evidence that show how coastal lithoseres develop through time.