In equation 4, LT and LL represent the energy required respectively for the rotation of the bucket and raising of
the front loader, while Lhp is the hydraulic energy consumption at the pump to perform the entire duty cycle. In
Figure 6 all the systems efficiencies are reported and compared. It is possible to observe step by step that the efficiency increases from 58.8% for the traditional system, to 82.4%, for an independent metering system with regeneration and direct pump displacement control.