Barch and Dowd12 hypothesize that because of altered dopamine function in both subcortical and cortical regions, individuals with schizophrenia have difficulties using internal representations of emotional experiences, previous rewards, and motivational goals to drive the current and future behavior that should allow them to obtain desired outcomes. Viewed from the perspective of Expectancy-value theory, physiological abnormalities interfere with the ability to accurately gauge expectations of success at meeting a goal and also interfere with the ability to assign value to the goal.