Other methods for hydrogen production are further away from commercialisation and need
additional R&D. The production of hydrogen from biomass needs additional focus on the
preparation and logistics of the feed, and such production will probably only be economical
at a larger scale. Photo-electrolysis is at an early stage of development, and material
costs and practical issues have yet to be solved. The photo-biological processes are at a
very early stage of development with only low conversion efficiencies obtained so far.
High-temperature processes need further materials development that focuses on hightemperature
membranes and heat exchangers.