competitive world. (UNCTAD, 2010) “Creative industries are defined as those requiring creativity, skill and talent, with potential for wealth and job creation through the exploitation of their
intellectual property” (DCMS, 2001)
• Symbolic text model. This approach sees the “high” or “serious” arts as the province of the
social and political establishment and therefore focuses attention instead on popular culture. The
process by which the culture of a society is formed and transmitted are portrayed in this
mode via the industrial production, dissemination and consumption of symbolic texts or messages,
which are conveyed by means of various media such as film, broadcasting and the press.
• Concentric circles model. This model is based on the proposition that it is the cultural value of
cultural good that gives these industries their most distinguishing characteristic. Thus the more pronounced the cultural content of a particular good or service, the stronger is the claim for
inclusion of the industry producing it (Throsby, 2001). The model asserts that creative ideas
originate in the core creative arts in the form of sound text and image and that these ideas
influence diffuse outwards through a series of layers or “concentric circles”,
• WIPO copyright model. This model is based on industries involved directly or indirectly in the
creation manufacture, production, broadcast and distribution of copyrighted works (World
Intellectual Property Organization, 2003). The focus is thus on intellectual property as the
embodiment of the creativity that has gone into the making of the goods and services included in
the classification. A distinction is made between industries that actually produce the intellectual
property and those that are necessary to convey the goods and services to the consumer. (UNCTAD, 2010)