Von Hayek attributed the birth of civilization to private property. In von Hayek’s view, the central role of the state should be restricted to maintaining the rule of law, with as little state intervention in the economy as possible. The apparatus of the state should be used solely to secure the peace necessary for the functioning of a market coordinating the activities of free individuals. Hayek saw himself as a liberal in the English Whig tradition—the Whigs being a party in England during the 17th century that advocated popular rights, parliamentary power over the crown, and toleration of dissenters. Classical (18th- and 19th- century) liberalism, or “Manchester school liberalism” as it was often called in the late 19th century (because the Manchester cotton industrialists believed in free trade), supported individual rights of property and freedom of contract. It advocated laissez-faire capitalism, meaning the removal of legal barriers to trade and cessation of government-imposed subsidies and monopolies. Classical economic liberals want little or no government regulation of the market. They accept the economic inequality that arises from unequal bargaining positions as being the natural result of competition, so long as no coercion is used. It is this valuing of liberalism that lends neoliberalism (that is, the resuscitation of liberalism in the late 20th century) much of its appeal. Von Hayek (1984: 365) thought that liberalism of this classical kind “derives from the discovery of a self-generating or spontaneous order in social affairs... an order which made it possible to utilize the knowledge and skill of all members of society to a much greater extent than would be possible in any order created by central direction, and the consequent desire to make as full use of these powerful spontaneous ordering forces as possible.”